Hindus Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)

Balancing Tradition and Modernity: Explore RSS’s Swa Philosophy for Future Bharat

Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a prominent Hindu centric movement in Bharat, has consistently championed the concept of “Swa” or self-reliance. This principle is a cornerstone of the RSS’s five-fold transformation agenda, emphasizing a self-sufficient and sovereign nation. The roots of this idea are deeply embedded in ancient Bharatiya wisdom and philosophy, which played a significant role during the Indian freedom struggle. Dr. Shailendra Kumar Pathak The concept of Swa, or self-reliance, is not new to Bharatiya thought. It finds its origins in ancient Hindu scriptures and philosophies, which emphasize the importance of self-sufficiency and inner strength. Vedas, Upanishads, and Bhagavad Gita all advocate for self-dependence and personal growth as a means to achieve higher state of being. In the realm of education, Swa emphasizes the importance of indigenous knowledge and learning systems that are rooted in Bharat’s rich cultural heritage. Traditionally, Bharatiya education was imparted through Gurukuls, where students received holistic education including Vedic scriptures, mathematics, science, philosophy, and arts. This system fostered self-discipline, ethical values, and a deep connection with nature and society. Reviving this model, modern initiatives have focused on integrating traditional knowledge with contemporary education. For instance, Gurukul system is being adapted to contemporary contexts, promoting a balanced education that nurtures intellectual, emotional, and spiritual growth. Philosophy of Swa in healthcare is reflected in the prominence on Ayurveda and other traditional healing practices. Ayurveda, an ancient Indian system of medicine, focuses on the balance between body, mind, and spirit. It advocates self-care and preventive measures through natural remedies, diet, and lifestyle adjustments. This approach aligns with the global shift towards holistic health and wellness. Institutions like All India Institute of Ayurveda are working towards integration of traditional practices with modern medical science, highlighting the relevance of Swa in promoting a comprehensive healthcare system. Agriculture in Bharat also embodies the principle of Swa, particularly through sustainable farming practices. Traditional Bharatiya agriculture emphasized harmony with nature, using techniques like crop rotation, organic farming, and water conservation. These practices are being revived to address modern challenges viz., soil degradation, water scarcity, and climate change. Movements like organic farming and natural farming, inspired by traditional knowledge, are gaining momentum, promoting food security, environmental sustainability, and farmer self-reliance. Idea of Swa is reflected in a large treasury of arts, crafts, and literature that are part of the Bharatiya knowledge system. Classical dance, music, and painting are examples of traditional art forms that represent the cultural identity and spiritual ethos of Bharat. These artistic endeavours are essential to the social and cultural fabric and go beyond simple modes of amusement. In order to keep these customs alive and relevant, organisations and cultural institutions are actively working to promote and maintain them. The significance of self-governance and community-driven development is implied by Swa in the context of governance and social organisation. Decentralised government, like the Panchayati Raj system, gives local groups the authority to manage resources and make decisions. This system promotes local accountability and participatory democracy by mirroring the age-old Bharatiya practice of village self-governance. Moreover, the principle of Swa in Bharatiya knowledge system extends to spiritual and philosophical realms. Bharatiya philosophy, particularly Vedanta, emphasizes self-realization and self-awareness as paths to ultimate truth. Teachings of sages like Adi Shankaracharya, Ramana Maharshi, and Swami Vivekananda focus on understanding the self and achieving inner peace and enlightenment. These teachings have universal appeal and continue to influence global thought on spirituality and human consciousness. RSS’s conception of Swa is largely based on these archaic writings and customs, which see self-reliance as a complex idea with elements of the social, cultural, spiritual, and economic spheres. It advances the notion that real independence and prosperity can only be attained by a country, just like by an individual. Swa and Bharatiya Freedom Struggle Concept of “Swa” (स्व), was crucial to India’s freedom movement emphasising self-determination, and self-governance. Deeply ingrained in Indian philosophy, the idea of “Swa” impacted numerous leaders and movements working to free India from British colonial rule. Mahatma Gandhi and Swaraj Swaraj: Literally meaning “self-rule,” this was one of Gandhi’s main points of contention. Gandhi saw Swaraj to be self-governance and self-sufficiency on a personal and communal level in addition to political independence. Swadeshi Movement: Gandhi used the word “Swa” directly when he called for an Indian industrial boycott and a boycott of British goods. He promoted the use of hand-spun khadi as a symbol of independence.Khadi & Village Industries: Traditional crafts and small-scale industries were to be revived as part of Gandhi’s vision of self-sufficient villages. This was viewed as a means of empowering nearby communities and achieving economic independence. Non-Cooperation Movement: This movement, which took place between 1920 and 1922, encouraged Indians to adopt self-reliance and disengage from British institutions in order to reject British control peacefully.Gangadhar Bal Tilak: “Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it.” This well-known statement of Tilak emphasised Indians’ entitlement to self-governance. He was a fervent supporter of gaining independence by self-help and education. RSS’s Five-Fold Transformation Agenda RSS’s five-fold transformation agenda, known as Panchamukhi Vikas, aims at holistic national development. Swa, or self-reliance, is a key component of this agenda, which also includes the revitalization of education, health, economy, and spiritual and cultural values. Components of Panchamukhi Vikas (Five Faceted Development) Implementation of Swa The concept of “Swa” by the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) emphasizes self-reliance, self-respect, and a commitment to cultural and social development rooted in indigenous values. This philosophy has been implemented through extensive work across various sectors in Bharat, leveraging statistics, examples, and case studies to illustrate its impact. In the realm of education, the RSS has promoted self-reliance by establishing numerous educational institutions through its inspired organizations like Vidya Bharati, which runs around 13,000 schools with over 3 million students enrolled. These schools focus on holistic development, integrating modern education with traditional Bharatiya values. A case study of Saraswati Shishu Mandir schools reveals a significant improvement in student performance and community involvement. These institutions not only emphasize academic excellence but also instill a

Education Hindus Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)

590

Bharat’s Democratic Credentials Celebrated

Reviving spirit of civic duties and responsibilities is RSS way of contribution through transformative agenda for future Dr Shailendra Kumar Pathak Bharat’s democratic ethos is deeply embedded in its history, a legacy that stretches back thousands of years, marked by principles of inclusive governance, participatory decision-making, and the power of dialogue. Hindu centric Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh has taken upon itself to promote civic consciousness and participation of citizenry in civic affairs as part of its five-fold transformative agenda. Bharat’s democratic traditions predate many celebrated milestones in global governance. One such remarkable example is the Uttiramerur inscription dating back to tenth century. This inscription details an advanced electoral system implemented in the village of Uttiramerur predating Magna Carta (Royal Charter of Rights agreed to by King John of England in 1215) by over 800 years. This system involved detailed rules for election of local council members with eligibility criteria based on moral integrity and knowledge, ensuring that leadership was capable and trustworthy—a testament to Bharat’s early embrace of democratic principles. Ancient Bharatiya texts like Mahabharata and Ashtadhyayi provide insights into concepts of ‘Gana’ and ‘Sangha’, Republic and assembly, functioning through collective decision-making, emphasizing dialogue and consensus. Vedic period further enriched this tradition with institutions like ‘Samiti’ and ‘Sabha’, councils responsible for discussing and deciding on issues of public importance, fostering a sense of participation and ownership among the people. In twelfth century, the Anubhava Mandapa of Basavanna, a popular Scholar and a Hindu sage in Karnataka served on a forum where mystics, saints and scholars discussed issues encompassing society, economy, culture, spirituality, and well-being of the entire kingdom, embodying inclusive governance and collective dialogue. RSS and Civic Awareness RSS, founded in 1925, has consistently emphasized civic duty and national service as central to its objective of a vibrant society, Rich democratic credentials of Bharat became the basis for RSS belief that civic engagement was key to building a strong, disciplined nation with character. Programmes aimed at spreading awareness on national issues, encouraging responsibility for the nation’s wellbeing and evolving a cohesive and culturally rooted Rashtra (nation) became part of the five-fold objective of RSS. Philosophical basis for RSS to extensively undertake civic consciousness drive was Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay’s concept of ‘Lokmat Parishkar’ or Public Opinion Refinement. Deendayal Upadhyay, a prominent thinker, advocated refinement of public opinion through education, dialogue and active citizen participation in governance. This also forms the basis for RSS campaign on promoting civic duties for encouraging active democratic participation. RSS has been at forefront of highlighting Bharat’s cultural, economic, and scientific achievements with the belief that strong sense of national pride was essential for a cohesive society and robust democracy. Its educational initiatives emphasize Bharat’s rich heritage, from contributions of ancient scholars like Aryabhata and Sushruta to achievements of modern scientists and technologists. RSS has been instrumental in recognizing and honouring individuals who contributed significantly to Bharatiya society. By promoting role models and celebrating their achievements, RSS has championed to foster a culture of excellence and national pride. Advanced Approach for Civic Awareness RSS’s civic awareness programmes are not just an extension of duties outlined in Article 51A of the Bharatiya Constitution. RSS outlook towards civic duties and responsibilities are much more advanced, robust, genuine and comprehensive. Article 51A of Indian Constitution emphasizes fundamental duties such as respecting Constitution, promoting harmony and protecting public property. While these are important, they represent a minimal baseline for civic responsibility. RSS’s educational initiatives strengthen this by offering a deeper understanding of Bharat’s cultural, historical and scientific heritage. These programs are designed not just to inform but to inspire active participation in the nation’s development. For instance, RSS doesn’t just promote constitutional literacy but delves into philosophical underpinnings of Bharatiya democracy, drawing from ancient texts and historical precedents. This educational depth fosters a more profound sense of civic duty, encouraging citizens to engage in governance and contribute to society’s progress. Article 51A calls for promotion of harmony and spirit of brotherhood. RSS approach to social cohesion is far more proactive and works to bridge social divide, alleviate conflicts and foster unity among Bharat’s diverse population. Inspired initiatives fostering dialogue and mutual understanding, ensuring that the spirit of brotherhood is not just a legal obligation but a lived reality. Moreover, while Article 51A mentions the promotion of harmony, it does not address mechanisms for achieving it. RSS fills this gap by engaging directly with communities, fostering relationships, and building trust across social divides, thereby creating a more cohesive and resilient society. Article 51A emphasizes participation in governance as a fundamental duty. For this, RSS approach is more dynamic and continuous. It doesn’t just encourage voting but advocates for all along civic participation that includes involvement in local governance, community decision-making and holding government accountable. RSS ensures that democracy is not just a periodic activity but an ongoing process where citizens are actively involved in shaping their communities and the nation. One of the standout initiatives in RSS civic duty mission is its campaign for 100 per cent voter turnout. While Article 51A emphasizes the importance of voting as civic duty, RSS campaign takes this a step further by striving for complete voter participation in every election. The organization believes that democracy can only be truly representative when every eligible citizen exercises their right to vote. RSS launched extensive awareness drives particularly in rural and underserved areas. These campaigns involved door-to-door outreach, community meetings, and use of local media to educate people. By these efforts, RSS ensured that every voice is heard, making the democratic process more inclusive and representative. This commitment to engagement at grassroots highlights RSS belief in the power of democracy and its determination to make Bharat’s democracy as robust as possible. The focus on achieving full voter participation goes beyond the fundamental duties outlined in Article 51A, reflecting RSS more comprehensive and proactive approach to civic responsibility. Framework for National Development Civic duties outlined in Bharat’s Constitution are broad and general, providing a framework for responsible citizenship. RSS approach,

Hindus Human Rights

711

Akhand Bharat: Manifestation of Spiritual Nationalism

‘Indian Nationalism’ is quite different from European or the Western Nationalism. In this context, it is important to bust this myth propagated by the colonial and Marxist historians that the rise of nationalism in India was an outcome of British rule hence it needs to follow the paradigms set by ‘Western Nationalism.’ The trajectory of Western nationalism and Indian nationalism are altogether different. Arun Anand We have been talking about Akhand Bharat i.e. an undivided India since independence. Many people, especially the youth of today’s generation, consider this concept impractical. Those who oppose this concept often ask the question whether the formation of Akhand Bharat would mean that we will join Pakistan, Bangladesh and other neighbouring countries with present India as a geographical unit? Does the idea of Akhand Bharat include only the Indian subcontinent? Where do countries like Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, which have a deep influence of Hindu culture, find a place in the concept of Akhand Bharat? Will any other country be ready to give up its existence and merge into a unit to make Akhand Bharat a reality? Is it even possible? The answer to these questions can be given in one sentence – Akhand Bharat implies a continuous cultural flow whose root is spirituality, not materialism. Therefore, geography is secondary in the concept of Akhand Bharat. It is not necessary that all countries merge with each other. The eternal consciousness of Sanatan Dharma and Hindu culture has been the basis of the dharma-based life of societies and communities settled on a large part of the earth. With time, this consciousness based on eternal values got lost in many regions. Led Islamic preachers and Christian missionaries, countries were invaded, cultures were destroyed and massive conversions by force were carried out. Exploitation, racism and colonialism were the hall marks of these campaigns. In Bharat too, an attempt was made to eliminate this cultural consciousness from eight century AD onwards. Unfortunately, there was no course correction after independence. But the consciousness based on eternal values is basically spiritual in nature, so it was not possible to eliminate it. In India, with the efforts of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and many other spiritual, social and cultural organizations, there has been a re-emergence of the Bharatiya consciousness. This consciousness is still prevalent on a large part of the earth. When this consciousness emerges in a strong form in various other regions, the dream of Akhand Bharat will come true. Even if all countries are not named India or Bharat on the political map, wherever the values on which Bharatiya consciousness is based are re-established, all those territories and societies will be a part of ‘Akhand Bharat’. Indian vs Western Nationalism One of the key reasons that has led to this confusion over the concept of Akhand Bharat is the absence of understanding the Indian concept of nationalism. What ‘nationalism’ means for Indians is however vastly different from what ‘nationalism’ means for the West. The time has come for the West to look at Indian nationalism from an Indian lens and not through their own perspective which is deeply flawed because of the oppressive and colonial character of Western nationalism. According to Merriam Webster dictionary, Nationalism means “loyalty and devotion to a nation; a sense of national consciousness exalting one nation above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to those of other nations or supranational groups.” The dictionary further mentions in an additional note, “intense nationalism leads to war”. Thus, nationalism, in the Western framework, is seen as an oppressive concept that leads to wars and conflicts. While the concept of ‘nationalism’ in Bharat or what we may call, ‘Hindu nationalism’ dates back to thousands of years, it is a very recent phenomenon in the West. The western concept of ‘Nationalism’ originated from the French Revolution in 1789. If you look at the map of mid-eighteenth-century Europe, you will find that there were no ‘nation-states’ as we know them today. What we know today as Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories. Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which lived diverse peoples. They did not see themselves as sharing a collective identity or a common culture. Often, they even spoke different languages and belonged to different ethnic groups. The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary, for example, was a patchwork of many different regions and peoples. It included the Alpine regions — the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland — as well as Bohemia, where the aristocracy was predominantly German-speaking. It also included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half spoke a variety of dialects. In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish. Besides these three dominant groups, there also lived within the boundaries of the empire, a mass of subject peasant peoples – Bohemians and Slovaks to the north, Slovenes in Carniola, Croats to the south, and Roumans to the east in Transylvania. Such differences did not easily promote a sense of political unity. The only tie binding these diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor. Noted historian David Sasson who earned his PhD under Eric Hobsbawm, one of the foremost authorities on Western nationalism, observed in his introduction to a collection of essays and lectures by Hobsbawm ‘On Nationalism’, “In Europe, nationalism was the product of the ‘dual revolutions’, the French Revolution and the British Industrial Revolution. Some, such as the historian Elie Kedourie (who defined nationalism as a political religion), suggested that the invention of nationalism could be traced back to German Enlightenment thinkers such as Immanuel Kant and Johann Gottlieb Fichte in response to Napoleon’s occupation of German territory.” John Hutchinson underlined the true character of Western nationalism in Nations and War as he wrote, “The ideology of nationalism, powerfully articulated in the French Revolution, emerged in late eighteenth-century

Leadership Policy Security

642

From Turmoil to Transformation: A Tale of J&K after 370

Dr. Preeti Sharma In a recent development, the United States issued a travel advisory, underscoring the grave security threats pervading select regions of India, including the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, which was identified as a high-risk destination due to the specter of crime, civil unrest, and terrorism. India responded by characterizing this advisory as a routine practice among nations, thereby downplaying its significance. Notwithstanding this, the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir has made remarkable strides in its post-2019 journey, marked by the abrogation of its special status and reorganization into Union territories. This transformative shift has accelerated the region’s progress towards restoring peace and developmental activities, as borne out by official data indicating a significant decline in infiltration attempts. After decades of turmoil, Jammu and Kashmir is now experiencing an unprecedented era of growth, marked by improved administration, a secure environment, and an influx of tourists and investors. The substantial developments in socio-economic security, stability, and growth measures have transformed the scenario in Jammu and Kashmir, which now boasts a decline in recruitment into militancy and terror activities. As per the official records, till July 2024, J&K has completely done away with organised stone pelting and strikes, and despite a few incidents happened in last few months, there is a decline in terrorist initiated incidents, encounters, killings of security forces and civilians. The region has witnessed a remarkable voter turnout of 58.46% in the 2024 Lok Sabha elections, the highest in 35 years, underscoring the public’s growing faith in the democratic process. The G20 meeting in Srinagar served as a testament to the UT’s gradual elevation in stability and global significance. Despite sporadic incidents of violence, the progress achieved in Jammu and Kashmir cannot be negated, as evidenced by the record tourist footfall of over one crore till June 2024. In consideration of the intermittent yet persistent reality of sporadic violence, it is imperative to acknowledge the transformative progress unfolding in the region, unobscured by the travel advisories issued by nations such as the United States, which serve as a standard precautionary measure. The remarkable strides made by Jammu and Kashmir are exemplified by the unprecedented tourist footfall of over one crore till June 2024, surpassing the previous year’s tally of two crores. This surge in tourism can be attributed to the significant improvements in law and order, coupled with the successful organization of various events, including the tourism conclave. Furthermore, Jammu and Kashmir has borne witness to a record number of scholars, academicians, journalists, and individuals from diverse backgrounds converging to engage in discourse on peace, nation-building, and institution-building, in addition to the myriad positive developments that have transpired in the aftermath of Article 370’s abrogation. These grand events, facilitated by the ‘South Asia Center for Peace and People’s Empowerment’ in collaboration with GDC Shopian, have been instrumental in revitalizing a locale that was once a hotbed of secessionist fervor and a bastion of intransigence, where the specter of anti-India sentiment once held sway, and constructive engagement was deemed anathema. In this erstwhile state, which was, until recently, a cauldron of insurrectionary zeal and a forbidden terrain for benevolent initiatives, a plethora of schemes and policies have been unveiled, inviting investments and promoting foreign investment in both small and large industrial sectors. The introduction of the new industrial policy in 2021 has been instrumental in catalyzing investments in Jammu and Kashmir, as evidenced by the record investment proposal of Rs 84,544 crores received in the industrial sector. The forward-looking investment policy of the UT has attracted large business groups, including Dubai’s Emaar Group, which has invested USD 60 million, thereby removing roadblocks and redefining politico-economic developments in the region. The burgeoning interest of domestic and foreign investors in vital sectors such as agriculture, tourism, and manufacturing can be attributed to the lifting of restrictions, improved security conditions, and liberalized land policies, which have collectively shaped the state’s investment policy by attracting Foreign Direct Investment, a crucial catalyst in developing the state’s economic potential. The abrogation of Article 370 and afterwards lifting of restrictions marked a watershed moment for Jammu and Kashmir, heralding the dawn of a new era of economic liberation. The confluence of improved security conditions and liberalized land policies has precipitated a remarkable influx of Foreign Direct Investment, unshackling the region’s latent potential in agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Through a series of visionary initiatives and policy reforms, the government is painstakingly transforming Jammu and Kashmir into an investor-friendly haven. The judicious regulation of FDI will serve as a catalyst, elevating the state’s business environment, generating employment opportunities, and enticing further investment. As the region strives for unprecedented economic growth and development, FDI will assume a pivotal role. The possibilities are endless, and the future holds boundless promise, provided that forthcoming opportunities for growth are seized with alacrity and executed with unwavering efficiency. The horizon beckons, and the sky’s the limit, as Jammu and Kashmir embarks on an odyssey of unbridled progress and prosperity. These momentous developments serve as a testament to the remarkable headway achieved in cultivating an atmosphere of enduring peace, stability, and security for the citizens of Jammu and Kashmir. Furthermore, this auspicious trajectory shall persist in charting a course of unbridled progress, kindling a radiant beacon of democratic principles, and thereby ushering in an epoch of unparalleled advancement and felicity. Notwithstanding the remarkable socio-economic advancements witnessed in the region, the recent terrorist attacks constitute an incontrovertible reality, having surfaced in novel areas of Jammu, hitherto unscathed by the decades-long terrorist insurgency that has plagued Kashmir. These attacks possess far-reaching implications and underlying motivations, including the strategic recalibration of Pakistan-based terrorist groups in the aftermath of the revocation of Article 370. These groups have redirected their focus from the heavily fortified Kashmir Valley to the relatively vulnerable Jammu region, exploiting its vast and rugged terrain to infiltrate armed militants across the International Border (IB) and the Line of Control (LoC). These militants often assume the guise of civilians, procuring weapons from

Security

805

Lessons from Kargil Ignited India’s Defense Revolution

Rahul Pawa Under PM Modi’s leadership, lessons from Kargil have driven significant reforms in military, intelligence, border security, and indigenous manufacturing, ensuring a more resilient and self-reliant India. In the summer of 1999, several high-altitude regions of Ladakh, including Mushkoh Valley, Dras, Kargil, Batalik, Chorbat La, and Turtuk, became the epicentres of a fierce battle between India and Pakistan. What began as a surprising discovery of armed intruders on the Indian side of the Line of Control (LOC) swiftly escalated into a full-blown military standoff. Initially mistaken for insurgents, these infiltrators were soon identified as regular soldiers of the Pakistan Army in disguise. The ensuing hostilities, fraught with the threat of nuclear escalation, lasted for eleven tense weeks. The limited war-like standoff finally drew to a close on July 26, 1999, when India thwarted the intruders and won the war. Now, 25 years later, as India marks the anniversary of its resolute campaign to defend its motherland, the nation pays tribute to the 527 martyrs and over 1,100 wounded. However, this anniversary also serves as a catalyst for a new national security paradigm, shaped by the lessons learned on the battlefield. Even before the dust had settled on the graves of Pakistani soldiers in the highest reaches of the Himalayas—soldiers whom the Pakistan Army and their Islamic Republic refused to acknowledge—New Delhi, under the leadership of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, planned a thorough investigation into the events leading up to and during the standoff. Within three days of the victory in Ladakh, the Indian government began “to examine the sequence of events and make recommendations for the future” by formally setting up the Kargil Review Committee (KRC). The committee, chaired by K. Subrahmanyam and including Lt. Gen. K.K. Hazari, B.G. Verghese, Satish Chandra, and National Security Advisor Brajesh Mishra, formally submitted is report on December 15, 1999, merely 5 months after a hard earned victory. Based on over a hundred interviews with senior military personnel, diplomats, intelligence officers, journalists, and politicians, the report offered recommendations on border management, civil–military liaison, counter-terrorist operations, defense budget and modernisation, LOC policy, nuclear policy, intelligence, media relations, the National Security Council, national security management, and technology. This year, in a speech delivered in Dras, Ladakh, during the 25th Kargil Vijay Diwas, Prime Minister Narendra Modi highlighted the strategic importance of the Agnipath scheme, drawing from the lessons of the 1999 battles in Ladakh. The initiative aims to revitalise the army by reducing the average age of its personnel through a four-year enlistment of young recruits, thus infusing the force with fresh energy and technical skills. An approach recommended in the KRC, which advocated for maintaining a youthful and fit army. Yet, this marks only the beginning of a broader wave of strategic, technical, and policy shifts inspired by the KRC’s findings and recommendations, with some measures already in place and others still underway. As part of the KRC’s robust recommendations for reform and modernisation, the Indian military embarked on extensive structural changes. This led to the appointment of the first Chief of Defence Staff (CDS), a position filled by General Bipin Rawat on December 24, 2019, under the PM Modi-led NDA government after two decades of deliberation. Aligned with the KRC recommendations, the Indian military underwent extensive modernisation and structural reforms. This included the creation of several tri-services organizations to enhance coordination and efficiency. Notably, the Integrated Defence Staff, Andaman and Nicobar Command, Nuclear Command Authority, Strategic Forces Command, and the Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare were established. Additionally, the Defence Technology Council and the Defence Acquisition Council were created to streamline technological advancements and procurement processes, reflecting the KRC’s emphasis on comprehensive technical reforms. Additionally, the Kargil Review Committee’s recommendations led to significant upgrades in border infrastructure and intelligence, addressing key issues revealed during the 1998-1999 Pakistani infiltration. Under National Security Advisor Ajit Doval, the establishment of the Multi-Agency Centre (MAC) and the Joint Task Force on Intelligence (JTFI) enhanced coordination. New airstrips and advanced landing grounds were developed to counter potential threats from China and Pakistan, significantly improving border security and readiness. Enhancing military preparedness has been another critical area significantly improved by the KRC’s findings and recommendations. Under the leadership of PM Modi and the NDA government, the adoption of advanced technologies, such as Chinook helicopters and upgraded airstrips, has notably boosted rapid force deployment capabilities. These advancements ensure that the Indian military can respond swiftly and effectively to threats. The success of Uri surgical strikes, Balakot Air strikes and decisive responses to People’s liberation Army (PLA) aggression in regions like Galwan and Pangong Tso further highlight India’s heightened state of readiness and strategic agility, demonstrating a robust defense posture that aligns with the KRC’s vision for a more secure and responsive military framework. In a fast-evolving globalised world, challenges like the ongoing Ukraine conflict and the escalating threat from Communist Party of China (CPC) showcase the need for a robust, indigenous defense supply chain. This necessity was also highlighted in 1999 when the U.S. denied India’s request for GPS data during the 1999 Ladakh aggression by Pakistan, prompting India to develop its own GPS system, the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), an autonomous satellite navigation system that provides accurate position information services to users in India and the surrounding region, covering up to 1,500 kilometres beyond India’s borders. Learning from these lessons, the 2020 “Atmanirbhar Bharat” initiative was launched to reduce reliance on foreign suppliers and foster self-sufficiency in defense production. This ambitious program aims to build a strong domestic defense manufacturing sector, ensuring India can independently meet its military needs. The initiative promotes research and development, encourages public-private partnerships, and incentivises domestic production of critical defense technologies and equipment. In the contemporary landscape, under PM Modi’s leadership, these measures reflect a broader strategic shift towards a more secure and resilient India, aligning with the foresight provided by the KRC report. The Indian government’s commitment to strengthening the nation’s defense capabilities is evident in various initiatives designed to

Business Education Technology

663

Seven Red Flags That Can Sour India’s Growth Story

By Balbir Punj The 2024-25 budget is a smart fusion of political stratagem, coalition compulsions and a slew of deft moves to accelerate economic growth to help realise PM Modi’s resolve to turn India into a developed nation by 2047. However, given the domestic constraints and dismal emerging global economic scenario, the NDA Government’s quest to make India a global financial powerhouse is fraught with serious challenges. The wars in Ukraine and Gaza have disturbed global supply lines and devastated the world markets a great deal. No wonder the latest forecast for global growth five years from now, at three per cent, is the lowest in decades. The rise of India would be hamstrung by a bleak international scene, for a vibrant Indian economy will need to increasingly engage with the rest of the world. The budget is undoubtedly an exercise to retrieve the political ground the BJP lost to the opposition in the last Lok Sabha polls. But it’s not populist or irresponsible. The underlying theme is fiscal prudence and consolidation. The promise to peg the fiscal deficit at 4.9 per cent of GDP in 2024-25 is a significant reduction from 5.6 per cent last year. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has also reiterated her resolve to reduce the deficit to below 4.5 per cent by next year. The misgivings about India emerging as a developed nation over two decades from now aren’t entirely misplaced. India faces some insurmountable challenges that are difficult to deal with, particularly with a fractured polity that has evolved post-2014. Outrageous toxic narratives – completely divorced from facts and reality – are banded about to derail the public discourse. ‘Caste-identity’ – a divisive signature tune – is the season’s flavour. What’s the basis for believing that Modi’s vision of a developed India is not just a pipe dream but something doable? His track record. During his previous two terms, Modi managed to break the mould. Defying the system, he ensured the delivery of benefits to ordinary people sans any leakage. Modi made available gas connections, foodgrains, toilets, housing, drinking water, and road connectivity to crores of Indians. As a result, poverty levels dropped drastically, and today, India is among the world’s fastest-growing large economies, with a GDP growth above eight per cent. But here is the proverbial catch. The aspirations of millions who have moved out of morasses of poverty have since outgrown what the state freebies can offer. This exploding phenomenon is full of unchartered challenges and unexplored opportunities for the country. The expectations of India’s young millions have soared to unprecedented levels. They now want access to a decent standard of living. But can India meet their aspirations? Seven red flags can hold the country back and sour its dreams. #Education and Jobs: Among the “real” challenges India faces, the Economic Survey (2023-24) has outlined the lack of jobs. According to the survey, the country must create an estimated 78.5 lakh jobs annually. The government has launched five schemes to fix the problem. It’s a patchwork solution and leaves the core of the problem untouched. The issue is not unemployment. It’s that of ‘unemployable’. Leaving aside some islands of world-class academic excellence, most organisations styling as educational institutions don’t dispense education or talent but degrees. The state-run educational system is broken. There is no serious effort to resurrect it. According to the 2023 Annual Survey of Education, almost a quarter of all youth (14-18 years) cannot fluently read a class 2 text in their regional language. Only 43% can solve simple division sums. There are millions of slots waiting for qualified candidates. India ranked seventh in a talent shortage, with 81 per cent of employers reporting difficulty finding a skilled workforce. The skill gap is estimated at 2-2.5 million. It’s difficult to miss the irony – millions of jobs are going abegging, and countless remain unemployed. Rising Trade Gap with China: India-China trade touched almost $118 billion, with India’s exports at only $16.67 billion, with a trade deficit of over $100. The Economic Survey has termed it a “challenge”, a “Chinese Conundrum”, and a problem sans a solution. There appears to be no escape from the fact that China would continue to be the overbearing trade partner, with sinister implications for India’s security. Bureaucracy: Rampant corruption and inefficiency have been India’s bane. To Modi’s credit, corruption is nearly extinct in the top echelons of politics and babudom at the centre. However, the twin evils of graft and sloth continue to gnaw at the system from within. The raging NEET controversy and the scandal involving Puja Khedkar, a probationary IAS officer (now under investigation), underline the unsavoury fact of the extent to which the rot has set in. No plans, however perfect they may be, can work till the delivery mechanism is fixed. Judicial Reforms: To repeat an adage, justice delayed is justice denied. These statistics speak for themselves. In 2024, the total number of pending cases of all types and at all levels stood at 5.1 crores, including over 180,000 court cases pending for more than 30 years in district and high courts. Agriculture: The growth in agri-GDP in 2023-24 (FY24) was just 1.4 per cent as per the latest provisional estimates. The second advance estimate was, in fact, only 0.7 per cent. This sector engages 45.8 per cent of the workforce. Most of those claiming to be ‘kisans’ are, in fact, victims of disguised unemployment. Giving 5 kg/per capita/month of free rice or wheat is a dole. Vested interests (read so-called farm protests of 2020-21) successfully sabotaged all efforts to introduce reforms in this sector. This large section of India’s population has to be partnered in the country’s success story. Distorted Narratives: Foreign-funded groups have been hijacking popular mandates using globally tested tool-kits by building narratives based on white lies, half-truths and twisted facts. The ‘toolkit’ was used during India’s CAA and farm law protests. Power Outage: Per capita electricity consumption in India jumped from 16 units in 1947 to 1327

Geopolitics Hindus Human Rights Insurgency Security

622

China-Pakistan Agenda in Bangladesh Protests

Violent protests by students against job quotas may have been conveniently used by Beijing & Islamabad to further their interests Rahul Pawa China, Pakistan, geo-political interest groups and international stakeholders may have muddied Bangladesh waters. They may have either directly or indirectly contributed to current wave of violent protests that resulted in 130 fatalities. These players may have conveniently used the anger against quotas for government jobs as a cover to stroke flames of dissent against Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and her Awami League government. The current spate of violent incidents seems to have been triggered by Communist Party of China and Pakistan that have taken an adversarial position and spread discontent against Sheikh Hasina’s government. Protests erupted after Appellate Division of the Supreme Court decided on July 10, 2024 to maintain status quo on quota system intended for freedom fighters and their families for four weeks. This came after a High Court ruled on June 5, 2024 that declared 2018 government circular canceling 30 per cent quota for freedom fighter’s descendants in government jobs illegal. This sparked widespread anger among students and larger population, culminating in violent clashes and a death toll that continued to rise. Students from various universities in Dhaka united to demand quota reforms. After initial postponement owing to Eid and summer holidays, students movement resumed on July 1 with demonstrations. Students and teachers from public universities like University of Dhaka, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology and Jahangirnagar University, among others were soon joined by counterparts from private institutions such as North South University and BRAC University. Under the banner of Anti-discrimination Students Movement, they launched ‘Bangla Blockade’ (Bangladesh Shutdown) thereby disrupting domestic train and road transportation networks. Online activism surged with calls for “another 2018” in reference to previous quota reform movement. Subsequently, protestors call for a ‘Bangla Blockade’ intensified on July 7. As demonstrations spread nationwide, clashes with police on July 11 marked a significant escalation. Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s remarks on July 14, referring to Razakars (Bangladeshis who collaborated with Pakistan during 1971war) made during a press conference after her return from China coupled with the ruling Awami League’s hardened stance intensified the situation. This led to violent suppressions by Chhatra League and resulted in hundreds of injuries. The kindling for this unrest had been laid well before the court’s ruling as flames were fanned earlier this month during Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s visit to Beijing from July 8 to 10, 2024. The visit, intended to secure significant financial aid and strengthen bilateral ties ended abruptly, hinting at Hasina’s deep-seated dissatisfaction with the Communist Party of China (CPC). China offered only $100 million in financial assistance, a far cry from the initially promised $5 billion. Adding to the discord, Xi gave Hasina very little time as Beijing proposed a controversial ten-year re-education policy aimed at countering Islamic culture and promoting Chinese lifestyles, similar to measures implemented in Pakistan during 2010. This proposal, perceived as racist and a direct affront to Bangladesh’s cultural sovereignty, significantly strained Dhaka – Beijing relationship. The protests in Dhaka quickly escalated as protesting students and citizens voiced their dissatisfaction with reinstated job reservation quota. This policy initially abolished in 2018 reserved 30 percent government jobs for families of 1971 independence war veterans. The new quota system, viewed as unreasonable and discriminatory, exacerbated existing frustrations amid high unemployment and rampant inflation. Pakistan-backed Islamist groups such as Jamat-e-Islami, which have significantly undermined Bangladesh’s private sector, exacerbating economic challenges the country already faces.This influence, funded by the Middle East via Pakistan, has made government jobs even more sought after. The resulting volatility in the private sector has created a hostile environment, where economic grievances easily morph into political unrest. This destabilising influence was earlier evident during the violent response to the Bangladesh government’s attempt to modernise labor laws in 2018. The proposed changes aimed to attract more foreign investment by aligning local labour practices with international standards. However, Islamist groups, heavily funded by Pakistan vehemently opposed these changes arguing they would undermine Islamic values and worker rights. Jamat-e-Islami with its significant political clout mobilised large-scale protests and strikes which paralysed many sectors of the economy including the vital garment industry. This unrest discouraged foreign investment and highlighted the fragility of private sector in the face of Islamist political and religious extremism. Moreover, China’s involvement in Bangladesh’s student unions further escalates the situation. Reports indicate that CPC has infiltrated Bangladesh universities through education and student exchange programmes. Five Chinese universities in Yunnan province alone teach Bangla language and culture, sending students to Dhaka to create intelligence assets and funding channels for student wings. This strategy aims to mobilise Bangladeshi students against their own government’s policies thereby creating more space for CPC influence. Notably, student unions that staunchly defended Islam in Bangladesh remained conspicuously silent on CPC policies against Uyghur Muslims. The current situation reiterates CPC’s potential to influence and organise student protests in Bangladesh. Earlier, on April 13, 2021, students gathered at the Dhaka Press Club, demanding better arrangements from Hasina Administration for studying in China. The protest pressuring the Bangladeshi government nearly turned violent, demonstrating CPC’s influence and capability to mobilise students in Dhaka, highlighting its broader strategy of using education and cultural programs as tools of influence. Moreover, China-Pakistan nexus in Bangladesh adds another layer of complexity. Pakistani students often affiliated with Jamat-e-Islami collaborate with their Bangladeshi counterparts facilitating communication and coordination for protests. The human intelligence (HUMINT) capacity of Pakistan’s ISI has been instrumental in channeling Chinese funds to stage ongoing protests in Dhaka. Bangladeshi workers in Chinese companies are reported to have been trained to mobilise pro-China rallies as seen in 2019 when workers of Jingjiu Group in Bangladesh who were seen chanting Pro-China slogans in Mandarin. Intriguingly, CPC’s interest in Bangladesh extends beyond financial aid. Beijing aimed to establish strong foothold in South Asia leveraging its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) aspiring to integrate Bangladesh into its economic sphere. Despite the disappointing loan offer, China has

Education Hindus Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)

609

RSS Reflects Bharat’s Soul, Spirit & Identity

Congress creating fuss on government officials being allowed to associate with Sangh is regressive and part of self-centred political machinations Vinod Kumar Shukla The July 9, 2024 order of Indian government lifting restrictions on government officials from associating with Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) has kicked up a needless row. An authoritarian decision of then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on November 30, 1966 was overturned by Narendra Modi government. Indira Gandhi’s alibi to restrict government officials from participating in RSS activities was that they should keep away from ‘political parties or any organisation which takes part in politics’. While impugned order related to government officials keeping away from politics, extending it RSS was untenable as it’s an all-embracing Hindu centric organization that’s neck deep in bringing about change. Self-centred political machinations of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and later Indira Gandhi led Congress led to ban on RSS rather than latter being a political entity. Well, Congress leadership seems to have gone one step further to create a ruckus in the Parliament and outside on lifting restrictions on government officials freely involving themselves in selfless service activities of the Sangh. Home Ministry directive issued earlier this month referred to previous orders of November 30, 1966, July 25, 1970 and October 28, 1980. It stated that these instructions have been reviewed and decided to remove RSS from these orders meant for political entities. On all three occasions, RSS was banned and restrictions imposed owing to selfish Congress leadership that never allowed any other organization to flourish in socio-economic space post-independence from imperial British rule. Successive Congress governments were forced to lift restrictions and ban on RSS given the ‘tyrannical nature’ of the political decisions at highest level. Nehru-led government first banned RSS in 1948 hiding behind assassination of Mahatma Gandhi instead of accepting its administrative failure. It’s well established that a disinformation campaign was unleased by Congress and its cohorts to falsely implicate RSS in assassination of Mahatma Gandhi which exposed its hollowness and reeked lack of ‘fair play’ in public space. From Kapur Commission to many subsequent writings clearly suggest that Sangh has no role in Mahatma’s assassination whatsoever. But for political gains and appeasement politics of Congress, lies about RSS involvement were peddled for decades and even today. On each of the occasions that Nehru or people from Congress first family were on slippery ground of losing power, they resorted to such tactics and gimmicks in the past to divert the peoples’ attention. Congress history is replete with suggestions that Nehru was not the popular choice to be appointed Prime Minister. It was he was Mahatma Gandhi’s intervention that led to Nehru’s coronation. Knowing very well that post-independence euphoria would evaporate shortly and nationalist ideology was gaining credence, Gandhi’s assassination was used to discredit RSS. By doing so, Nehru sought to consolidate his position within the fledgling Congress and outside. Painting RSS with ‘communal’ taint has been part of Congress’ larger divisive political agenda and it put up a smoke screen on its pro-Muslim agenda and appeasing Muslims. Secularism was added to Preamble of the Constitution in 1976 through a Constitutional amendment. Carving out a minorities’ ministry, Waqf Act, Shah Bano case, Places of Worship Act and proposed Communal and Targeted Violence Bill are some examples that reflect anti-Hindu agenda of Congress. This is where Congress feels threatened by the RSS especially after its gradual decision in political space. Contrary to Congress allegations or charges, RSS is all inclusive and not elitist or exclusive organization. Sangh is more focused on socio-economic transformative projects that translate to social transformation.Over 125,000 service projects across economic empowerment, education and healthcare are being run Sangh swayamsevaks, parivar affiliates and in partnership with community-led organizations. From running schools in far-flung tribal areas to providing healthcare with a healing touch amongst most neglected tribal groups through selfless volunteerism is something RSS has done all through. RSS has been continuously engaged in rebuilding the nation in last 99-years and it continues to double up its efforts as the Sangh enters the centennial year in 2025.RSS contribution to national security, unity, integrity and Swayamsevaks selfless service during natural disasters is something that one cannot easily forget. Social leadership evolved by RSS to run these service projects is unique in trying circumstances. Lifting restrictions on government employees participation or association with RSS would only strengthen the Indian democratic credentials that are open and flexible sans intolerance of Congress variety. Rahul Gandhi’s comparison of RSS with theocratic and regressive Muslim Brotherhood and claims of Muslim League being a rounded secular organisation reflects Congress leadership’s mind-set that’s anti-Hindu and anti-Bharat. Sangh, by no stretch of imagination can be designated as a political organisation. Congress and its ecosystem shameless spread of lies on RSS only reflects the oldest political party’s degenerative positioning in ideological terms. In the process, the grand old party has easily forgotten that many of its former members have moved on to the Sangh parivar bandwagon. Also, on its rolls there are several leaders that have been groomed by RSS in their formative years. Even on independence movement, contributions and yeoman role played by several organizations including RSS have been systematically relegated to side-lines even as Congress continues to seek complete control on the legacy of the struggles against colonial rule. Latest decision of Modi government to lift restrictions on government employees joining or participating in RSS activities was logical extension of Hindu renaissance that has redefined Bharat’s spirit, soul and identity. (Author is a senior journalist and associated with Centre for Integrated and Holistic Studies, a non-partisan think-tank based in New Delhi)

Education Environment Hindus Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)

823

Sustainable Environment, A Way to Growth & Life

RSS works towards bridging ancient Hindu environment wisdom and modern ecological practices through its campaigns. Dr Shailendra Kumar Pathak Hindu and Bharat centric, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) has embarked on a massive mission to campaign on environmental issues and make economic development inclusive and sustainable. As part of this campaign for preserving environment and ‘mother’ earth’s environment and re-build the ecosystem, RSS has drawn up significant plans drawing heavily from ancient Hindu scriptures and folk cultures. As part of its five-fold transformative programmes, RSS has placed emphasis on environmental awareness, seeking to harmonize traditional wisdom with contemporary ecological practices and contribute to advancing environmental protection ideas rooted in Hindu teachings and folk traditions. RSS and Environment Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) is a Bharatiya Hindu nationalist volunteer driven socio-economic movement that was founded in 1925 by a staunch nationalist and freedom fighter Dr Keshav Baliram Hedgewar. Known for its disciplined structure and commitment to societal transformation, RSS has evolved its strategies to address various socio-cultural and environmental issues. In recent years, RSS has initiated several programmes under five-fold transformation agenda, one of which focuses on environmental awareness and protection. Conventional wisdom and geo-culture centric environment related campaigns run by RSS are part of its fivefold transformative agenda that also has social harmony, self-reliance, family awakening and civic duties. Environmental awareness, sensitization and family-based campaigns seek to integrate age-old environmental philosophies from Hindu scriptures and folk cultures into modern environmental protection strategies. Hindu scriptures are replete with teachings that emphasize on sanctity and protection of nature. These texts offer profound insights into maintaining ecological balance and promoting sustainable living. RSS has tapped into these resources to shape its environmental initiatives. Vedas, among the oldest and most revered Hindu scriptures, contain numerous references to natural world and its elements. The Rigveda, for instance, includes hymns that praise various aspects of nature such as rivers, trees and animals. These hymns reflect deep respect for nature and an understanding of its critical role in sustaining life. The hymn, Prithvi Sukta – Hymn to Earth — from Atharva Veda venerates Earth as ‘mother’ and underscores the interdependence between humans and nature. It promotes the idea of living in harmony with environment and calls for protection of natural resources. Bhagavad Gita, the 700-verse Hindu scripture that is part of Indian epic Mahabharata also contains significant environmental wisdom. Lord Krishna, in his discourse to Arjuna, speaks about interconnectedness of life and importance of performing one’s duty without exploiting nature. Concept of Yajna in Bhagawad Gita emphasizes selfless actions for greater good which includes environmental conservation, protection and sustainability. The practice of Yajna is seen as a way to honour and sustain natural world. Puranas, a genre of ancient Indian literature, consist of narratives about history and evolution of universe, creation and genealogies of Gods, heroes, and sages. Many stories within the Puranas advocate protection of environment. Matsya Purana includes guidelines for afforestation and preservation of water bodies highlighting the importance of ecological balance and sustainable resource management. Bharat’s rich tapestry of folk cultures and traditions also holds a treasure trove of ecological wisdom. These practices passed down through generations offer practical insights into sustainable living and environmental stewardship. Sacred groves that are patches of forest or natural vegetation continue to be conserved on religious or faith-based practices. These groves are protected by local communities due to their spiritual significance and often associated with deities and ancestral spirits. Sacred groves act as reservoirs of biodiversity, preserving various plant and animal species. RSS has been actively involved in identifying and preserving these groves, recognizing their ecological and cultural importance. Environment & Traditional Agriculture Traditional agricultural practices in Bharat are inherently sustainable, focusing on crop diversity, organic farming and natural pest control methods. Vrikhsa Ayurveda, an ancient Bharatiya practice involves the science governing plant life. It includes detailed descriptions of soil types, plant diseases and organic remedies. RSS has promoted such practices to encourage organic farming and reduce dependency on chemical fertilizers and pesticides. RSS has effectively utilized the wisdom from ancient scriptures and folk traditions to design and implement various environmental protection initiatives. These initiatives aim to address contemporary ecological challenges while staying rooted in traditional values. One key element in environmental activities undertaken by RSS is afforestation and large-scale tree plantation drives. Inspired by reverence for trees found in Hindu scriptures, these drives aim to combat deforestation and promote greenery. RSS organizes Vriksha Bandhan, an initiative where people tie sacred thread around trees, symbolizing their commitment to protect and nurture them. This practice draws from ancient Indian custom of Raksha Bandhan and emphasizes the bond between humans and nature. Water Conservation Projects Water conservation is another critical area where RSS has made significant contributions. Drawing from traditional water management practices mentioned in texts like Artha-shastra and Manusmriti, RSS has implemented projects to preserve and manage water resources. Similarly, Jal Sanchar Abhiyan focuses on construction and restoration of traditional water bodies such as step wells, ponds and lakes. RSS volunteers have established partnership with local communities to revive these structures, ensuring sustainable water management. RSS advocates organic farming practices that are deeply rooted in ancient agricultural traditions. By promoting use of natural fertilizers and pest control practices, RSS aims to create a more sustainable agricultural system. Under Krishi Bhushan Yojana, RSS provides training and resources to farmers to adopt organic farming techniques. This initiative not only helps in preserving soil health but reduces environmental impact of conventional farming practices. In addition to on-ground initiatives, RSS places a strong emphasis on environmental education and awareness. By educating the masses about environmental teachings found in Hindu scriptures and folk traditions, RSS aims to foster a culture of environmental responsibility. Periodically, RSS shakhas or swayamsevaks / volunteers conduct various campaigns in schools and colleges to educate young minds about the importance of environmental conservation. These programmes often include lessons on ecological wisdom of ancient Hindu texts and practical activities like tree planting and waste management. RSS also supports formation of Eco- clubs

Geopolitics Leadership Security Technology

578

Vienna Waltz for NSG

Modi’s visit to Austria signals global leaders to act decisively on nuclear governance, stability, innovation and facilitate India entry into NSG Rahul Pawa In a momentous visit that marks a significant milestone in India’s diplomatic history, Prime Minister Narendra Modi landed in Vienna on Wednesday after a successful tour of Russia. This visit, the first by an Indian Prime Minister to Austria in 40 years, underscores Modi’s strategic vision to elevate India’s global standing, particularly in the realm of nuclear technology and security. Austria, a key participating government of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), plays a pivotal role in shaping global nuclear policy. For India, securing NSG participating government status has been a long-held aspiration, one that Prime Minister Modi has tirelessly pursued. The NSG, a body of 48 participating governments that seeks to prevent nuclear proliferation by controlling the export of materials, equipment, and technology that can be used to manufacture nuclear weapons, represents a global group that India has sought entry into for over a decade. India’s quest for NSG entry began in earnest after its landmark civil nuclear agreement with the United States in 2008. This agreement, which allowed India access to civilian nuclear technology and fuel from other countries despite not being a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), was a significant diplomatic achievement. However, for India to fully benefit from global nuclear commerce, NSG entry is crucial. It would provide India with greater access to nuclear materials and technology, enhancing its energy security but most importantly allowing India to contribute more significantly to global nuclear governance efforts. Modi’s visit to Vienna comes at a time when the global tech and security landscape is rapidly evolving. India’s potential inclusion in the NSG should be viewed not only as a recognition of its impeccable nuclear safety and clean usage record but also as a crucial step toward strengthening global nuclear technology and innovation. Austria’s influence within the NSG makes it a crucial ally for India in this pursuit for global good. India’s entry to the NSG has been a topic of discussion at multiple NSG plenaries over the past decade. Despite substantial support from several strong participating governments, Communist Party of China’s (CPC) opposition has been a significant obstacle. At the 2016 NSG plenary in Seoul, CPC insisted that India’s application could not be considered until the group agreed on criteria for non-NPT (Non-Proliferation Treaty) signatories, effectively blocking India’s bid despite strong backing from other major powers. CPC’s consistent stance against India’s entry, citing rules, procedural issues and the need for consensus, has frustrated many NSG members who view India’s inclusion as beneficial for global nuclear governance efforts and nuclear commerce. Meanwhile, India has made significant advancements in nuclear technology, particularly with its ambitious plans to develop thorium-based reactors. Thorium, a safer and more abundant alternative to uranium, promises to revolutionise nuclear energy. India’s expertise in thorium technology positions it as a leader in this field, with the potential to offer cleaner and safer nuclear energy solutions worldwide. The development of the Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR), designed to use thorium as its primary fuel, marks a significant stride in this direction. Several key NSG members, including the United States, France, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, support India’s bid, arguing that India’s impeccable nuclear record, responsible nuclear behaviour, and potential contributions to global nuclear security make it a suitable candidate for the NSG. However, despite India’s commendable nuclear track record and significant advancements in nuclear technology, the Communist Party of China’s (CPC) objections to India’s entry into the NSG are perceived as a strategic maneuver to maintain its dominance in South Asia. CPC’s rationale appears to be rooted in a desire to prevent a regional competitor from accessing advanced nuclear technology and materials, thereby preserving its own strategic leverage. This stance is further complicated by CPC’s continued support for rogue nations like Pakistan and North Korea, which have contentious nuclear programs. By blocking India’s NSG entry, CPC not only undermines global efforts to foster responsible nuclear governance and energy security but also hampers broader international goals of enhancing nuclear safety, advancing technological progress in the nuclear sector and avoiding institutional scrutiny of its support to Pakistan and North Korea. As India continues its ascent as a major economic and technological power, its influence on the future of nuclear energy and security becomes increasingly crucial. PM Modi’s visit to Vienna transcends mere diplomacy; it is a powerful call for the world to acknowledge the evolving dynamics of global nuclear governance. The moment has arrived for the international community to move beyond regional politics and strategic rivalries, embracing a future where India’s contributions play a vital role in shaping global nuclear policies. During his visit, PM Modi is likely to engage in high-level discussions with Austrian leaders, emphasizing the mutual benefits of trade, business cooperation, collaborations, and significantly, India’s imminent NSG entry. This visit serves as a clear signal to the international community to recognise the significance of including India in the NSG and to act decisively in the interest of nuclear governance, stability and innovation. (Author is Director – Research, Centre for Integrated and Holistic Studies, a New Delhi based non-partisan think tank)

Blog Post